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2021/5/10 translation of paper
2021/5/5 　supplement of 2021/4/27
2021/4/27　 Individual and Collective Decision-making

　In 2020/11/20, I proposed the Asian Economic Integration as Ukuwa Institute’s Mission from 2020. My theory of the economic integration began from the individualistic decision-making based on his or her utility and the collective decision-making based on altruistic utility. I have studied to apply the theory to the problem of the equilibrium of the mixed economy with private and public decision-makings.
　Adam Smith advanced limited government but did not say the limited government chosen by all citizens in the state how to decide optimal budget and taxation. I try to solve the problem with the individualistic decision-making based on his or her utility and the collective decision-making based on altruistic utility.
　The story began from 1979. In 1980, I published the paper,  ‘ Expected Time Preference,’ ROKKODAI RONSHU Vol. 26 No.4, January 1980. In 1980, I sent the extension Journal of Economic Theory and it was submitted in December, 1980. In 1982, I wrote the revised paper of “Multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility and its Additive Representation,” which withdrew from Journal of Economic Theory and published in Otemon Economic Studies, 16(1983).
　The temporary competitive general equilibrium theory has the method of unanimous. I learned K. J. Arrow, ‘Social Choice and Individual Values,’ and A. K. Sen, ‘Collective Choice and Social Welfare.’ There is the democratic voting system of majority as the political decision-making. Since I had not decided on the political decision-making, I chose the unanimity in the market economy that is a direct democracy in the political decision-making. In the mixed economy with private and public decision-makings, I sought a Parato optimality at the same time.
　I wrote the paper based on multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern utility of “Collective Preferences under Uncertainty,” Otemon Economic Studies, 18(1985), which followed Harusanyi, J. C., “Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utilities,” Journal of Political Economy, 63, (1955).
　 In March, 1986, I visited to study on West Germany, stayed at Boppard for 2 month and went to the Goethe-Institute Boppard. Next, I moved to Bielefeld University in June, I continued to study the study plan of Transferable Utility market game by J. Rosenmueller and Grandmont’s framework of the temporary general equilibrium theory with money, “On the short run equilibrium in a monetary economy,” in J. Dreze (ed.), ‘Allocation under Uncertainty, Equilibrium, and Optimality,” Macmillan & Co., London, 1974.
　 I met Professor J. Rosenmueller and discussed my study plan in the Institute of Mathematical Economics. Every day, I went to the library and copied papers and devoted to write the two papers, “Market Games with Transferable Expected Utilities,” Otemon Economic Studies, 19(Dec. 1986) and “Temporary General Equilibrium in a Monetary Economy with Multi-planning Periods,” in Essays and Studies Published in Commemoration of the 20th Anniversary of Otemon-gakuin University, Faculty of Economics, in Japanese, (March 1987).
  Meanwhile, I could not manage to communicate with Professor J. Rosenmueller and I decided to return to Japan and finish the papers until December, 1986.
 Two introductions of papers and I wrote to Frau Hanna Riehl and received two letters from her. Since November, 1986, I have not contacted with her and her family, because I could take the position to study the equilibrium of the mixed economy with private and public decision-makings. In 1989, the cold war ceased and EC aimed at the European Integration and my study of East-West Problem since December, 1981 was solved. Then, I have moved to concern with the Asian economic development and South-North Problem.

 










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2020/12/25　Individualism and Collectivism

　In Dec. 1981, I decided to research the South-North Difference Reduction problem. At that time, I had waited the revised comment from the referee of Journal of Economic Theory, about “Multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility and its Additive Representation,” which was submitted in Des. 1980. If it would be published, I would apply the expected time preference to the temporary general equilibrium theory according to Grandmont and Hildenbrand (“Stochastic Processes of Temporary Equilibria,” Journal of Mathematical Economics 1, 1974).
　I had aimed at the pure mathematical economics, which had been developing in Europe in 1970s after the first generation of the competitive general equilibrium in 1950s. The European research was affected by that I visited the USSR, Austria and Italy from Yokohama by ship and trains in 1971 and West Germany and Austria, France and Switzerland by Singapore airline in 1976. At the Kobe University graduate school, I had studied Arrow and Hahn, ‘General Competitive Analysis(1971),’ with Professor Hayashi Seminar in Master’s course from 1973 to 1975 and Hildenbrand, ‘Core and Equilibria of a Large Economy(1974),’ with Professor Gonoo Seminar in Doctor’s course from 1975 to 1978, and attended probability theory and stochastic processes lectures by Professor M. Nishio at the faculty of science, Kobe University.
　The East-West Difference problem as like the South-North Difference problem had been fixed during the Cold War. There were boundary controls within the West European 　countries, that is, a passport controller requested to show a traveler his passport in the international train but there was no boundary control within the USSR. The former economic-social system is individualistic and decentralized and the latter, collectivistic and centralized.
　For example, after the World War Ⅱ, Austria was surrounded with the East countries; East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Hungary of the USSR, Yugoslavia, the West country; West Germany, Italy, the permanently neutral country of Switzerland, and Austria herself; the new permanently neutral country.

　From 1982 to 1989, I had devoted to study the East-West Difference problem with the South-North Difference problem to travel and research the East-West countries and at the same time, the South-North countries. In 1982, the revised paper of “Multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility and its Additive Representation,” withdrew from Journal of Economic Theory and published in Otemon Economic Studies, 16(1983). Because the research plan of the extension to the dynamics of the temporary general equilibrium theory expressed that I would stand on the place of the capitalism and the economic system is individualistic and decentralized market.
　During 1980s, I tried to stand on the international political place of neutrality. I moved in a mansion faced on the nakadachiuri (中立売, ‘neutrality sell’ in Chinese characters ）street in Kyoto, June, 1981 and there I received a mission and started the study travel from Nakhodka in July 1982 and I had tried to keep the internationally political neutrality during 1980s.
　The temporary competitive general equilibrium theory has the method of unanimous. I learned K. J. Arrow, ‘Social Choice and Individual Values,’ and A. K. Sen, ‘Collective Choice and Social Welfare,’ in the graduate school of Kobe University. There is the democratic voting system of majority as the political decision-making. Since I had not decided on the political decision-making, I chose the same rule; unanimity and Parato optimality of economic and political decision-making and wrote the paper based on multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern utility of “Collective Preferences under Uncertainty,” Otemon Economic Studies, 18(1985), which followed Harusanyi, J. C., “Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utilities,” Journal of Political Economy, 63, (1955).
　After returning from Bielefeld University to Japan in 1986, I continued to study the study plan of Transferable Utility market game by J. Rosenmueller and Grandmont’s framework of the temporary general equilibrium theory with money, “On the short run equilibrium in a monetary economy,” in J. Dreze (ed.), ‘Allocation under Uncertainty, Equilibrium, and Optimality,” Macmillan & Co., London, 1974. I wrote papers about the study plan, “Market Games with Transferable Expected Utilities,” Otemon Economic Studies, 19(Dec. 1986) and “Temporary General Equilibrium in a Monetary Economy with Multi-planning Periods,” in Essays and Studies Published in Commemoration of the 20th Anniversary of Otemon-gakuin University, Faculty of Economics, in Japanese, (March 1987).
　Since 1982, I started to research to compare the economic-social system among the USSR and the West countries. Until 1989, I could travel each country in the USSR and the West countries with free pass among both sides and compared with the industries structures, consumers’ goods, and banking. In 1986, I visited to study on West Germany, stayed at Boppard for 2 month. The West people held the fixed order of the ideology conflict but they were interesting in the Middle East and the North Africa, Livia. The USSR had the problem of Afghanistan war. At Goethe-Institut Boppard, I was astonished with the students and adult from the Middle East and the North Africa. In Europe, Since the Oil-shock, 1974, and Iran-Iraq War, 1980~1988, and Afghanistan Conflict, 1979~1989, both sides had the serious energy trade problem which intentionally Islamic countries had repeated to put pressure on oil supply and oil price.  The West people held the fixed order of the ideology conflict. The South countries learn the European political and economic system and tend to choose the socialistic system and they often do not accept democratic political system. Therefore, I thought at first, the ideology conflict of the East-West Difference problem was more solvable than the South-North Difference problem and the solution would affect the South countries to choose their economic-social system.
　I took the same rule as collective decision-making; unanimity and Parato optimality of economic and political decision-making, that is; an individual consumer decides on his demand in markets and the same person decides on his demand for public services and the government collects persons’ demands and it orders public servicers within the state budget. I wrote papers about “Foudations of Collective Choice under Uncertainty,” Otemon Economic Studies, 22(Dec. 1989) and “Foudations of Collective Choice under Uncertainty Ⅱ,” Otemon Economic Studies, 23(Dec. 1990)
　Finally, the Cold War was over in Dec. 1989 and as the symbol of the Cold War, Berlin Wall fell. After the USSR Dismantlement in 1993, Austria joined EU in 1995 (Since she was the new permanently neutral country and did not belong to the East, I did not expect to join the West, EU. The USSR might force her the permanently neutrality as a condition of Independence and all the Austrian might not hope the permanently neutrality.) . The 10 East European countries in 2004 and Russia reconstructed Russian Federation.
　The East European citizen revolutions showed all the citizens in the East prefered to democracy rather than dictatorship as collective decision-making. According to the historical evidence of democracy, I wrote papers under direct democracy like Switzerland because of getting uniqueness of decision. I thought in the future the computer voting system could perform.
　A series of papers are “Optimal Budget Decision under Direct Democracy,” Otemon Economic Studies, 28(Dec. 1995), “Environmental Decision-Making under Direct Democracy in Mixed Economy,” Otemon Economic Studies, 34(Dec. 2001), “Multi-Country Public Decision-Making under Direct Democracy,” Otemon Economic Studies, 35(Dec. 2002), “The Public Information Services under Direct Democracy,” Otemon Economic Studies, 36(Dec. 2003), “The Education Information Services Theory under Direct Democracy,” Otemon Economic and Management Studies, 12(March. 2006), Multi-Country Integration under Direct Democracy,” Otemon Economic and Management Studies, 39(March. 2006).


2020/11/20　Ukuwa Institute’s Mission from 2020: Asian Economic Integration

　After the Cold War, the East Europa 10 countries joined in EU according to the 4 conditions of Economic and Monetary Union. Europa Central Bank was founded in 1998, issued Euro currency of the ECU and implemented the independent monetary policy on behave of 11 joining countries. In 2004, EU joining countries became 28 because of benefit of the exchange rate with the foreign trade and monetary trade. EU aimed at the ultimate goal of economic and social integration.
　On the other hand, ASEAN was the organization similar to European Community. In 1993, EC changed the organization to EU. ASEAN also increased the joining countries from 6 to 10 countries till 1999.  Economic and Monetary Union of EU promoted ASEAN on the step up of the organization. In 2008, ASEAN enacted the ASEAN Charter. In 2015 it decided that the ASEAN Community founded.
　European Community had leaded to economic integration in Europa and ASEAN has followed to the progress of European economic social integration. 
There is the possibility of the Asian Economic Integration based on the ASEAN Economic Integration. It will begin at first in ASEAN+3.
　First, we define the definition of Asia because there are the evident differences between West Asia and East Asia. Next, we consider the sovereign and the main race and state, the sovereign of Dictatorship and Democracy. 

1．Definition of Asia
2．East Asian State, People’s Racial Structure and Racial Religion
3. Asian State’s Governance Systems and Economic・Social Systems
4. Economic working given the economic・social system
5. Economic・Social Differences in East Asia
6. South-North Difference Reduction Measures and Methods
7. Asian Economic Integration

1．Definition of Asia
　The boundary between the Middle East and the South India is historically the Indus River because King Milinda and Buddhist debated in BC. There remains Milinda Panha (Question of King Milinda) in the Buddhist literature.  At present, the Indus River is the state’s boundary between Pakistan and India and the religious boundary between Islam and Hinduism. The farther west side of Indus River is the religious area of Monotheism of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The farther east side is Polytheism.
  Thus, West Asia and East Asia might be divided thus by the Indus river, historically, religiously and as the historical state-boundary.
In winter, 1985, I visited on Calcutta of India and traveled Buddha-Gaya, Benares and New Deri by train. I visited on mosque and Hindu temples in New Deri. I intended to prepare for traveling Karachi in Pakistan. I felt each believer has evident differences in styles. I judged that if I would visit Karachi, I should start from Japan.
　The domestic political situation of Pakistan has been rather complicated. Pakistan was supported by Saudi Arabia, USA and China. Since the USSR invaded into Afghanistan in 1979, Pakistan had cooperated with the USA and Saudi Arabia because Pakistan feared to be caught in between the communists’ Afghanistan and India. In 1989, the USSR withdraw from Afghanistan. After the USSR withdraw, Taliban and Mujahidin group governed Afghanistan and remained in the boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2001, the international terrorists Bin laden group attacked USA by planes. USA and NATO have fought with Taliban and Bin laden group. Pakistan was annoyed with the domestic Taliban and Bin laden group.
　On the other hand, The domestic political situation of India has the conflict between BJP and INC(Indian National Congress) about the Ayodhya mosque in 1992. The international conflicts among the neighbors’ countries, there is Kashmir attribution problem between India and Pakistan since 1947. On behalf of the problem, the first India-Pakistan war in 1947 ~1949 and the second war occurred in1965 and 1966. In 1971, the west Pakistan was independent from Pakistan and the third war occurred. On behalf of the boundary problem, India-China war occurred in 1959-1962. In May, 1998, BJP forced the nuclear experiment at Pokhran near the boundary of Pakistan and at the same time, in May, 1998, Pakistan forced the nuclear experiment at Chagai near the boundary of Afghanistan. Tamil LTTE has continued the inner war with Sri Lank and in May, 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was killed by the two women terrorists who belonged to Tamil Nadu. India has an effective measure to mediate between Tamil and Sri Lank. Sri Lank has the channel with China according to One Belt One Road Initiative and permitted to open the commercial and military port. It is the same counter measure as Pakistan entrusts the land neighbored with China. The south Asia of Pakistan, India and Sri Lank has the continental political thinking. On the other hand, ASEAN has formed the integration process.

2．East Asian State, People’s Racial Structure and Racial Religion
　
　Related to Asian South-North Problem, I have been interesting in the countries of East Asia defined at 1, which consist of East Russia, Mongol, China, North Korea, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, ASEAN, Bangladeshi, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lank and Pakistan.
　 I define the state and the people. The state consists of the realm in which the boundary is decided by the neighbors’ states and the people belong to the realm where they were born basely. The people in the state have the racial structure of more than one race. For example, the realm of India is surrounded with Pakistan, China, Bangladeshi, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar but not yet decided. The racial structure in the state is Indian-Arian 72％and Dravidian 12％.
　The Indus River is the state’s boundary between Pakistan and India and the religious boundary between Islam and Hinduism. The farther west side of Indus  River is the religious area of Monotheism of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The farther east side is Polytheism.
　 Historically, Buddha preached along the Ganjas River and did not cross over the Indus River. The famous debate between King Milinda and Buddhist was both Polytheism. In AC4~5, Hinduism including Buddhism had been influenced over the Ganjas River. However, after Islamic Ghor(1148~1215) invaded crossing over the Indus River, the Islamic Dynasty had governed India from 1206~1858. Most of Indian people did not converted during the Islamic Dynasty except the people lived in the Indus River and the east Bengal. The Islamic Dynasty had governed most of India but compelled to convert from Hinduism to Islam.
　 During the Islamic Dynasty in India, Malesia and Indonesia in 13 century and Mindanao in 1380 were converted to Islam. Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam remained mainly Buddhism.
　In East Asia, the last evangelism of Christianity began in the age of Discovery since Vasco da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1497. Magellan arrived at Philippine in 1521. The evangelism of Christianity spread in Luson but Mindanao did not convert Islam.
　 Each race in the state has the main religion in which they believe. For example, Pakistan consists of the races of Pashtun 15% and Panjabi 45% and their religion is Islam. India consists of the religions of Hindu 72% and Islam 12%.
　Instead of the Islamic Dynasty, England governed the South Asia from 1858 to 1947. Portugal came to Sri Lank in 1505. Holland invaded Sri Lank and England occupied from 1796 to 1948. Accordingly, India had been governed by the Islamic Dynasty and then England for the long time from 1206 to 1947. India by himself has experienced to govern his realm since 1947. However, Pakistan has returned only back to the governance of the Islamic Dynasty. Sri Lank has experienced the inner wars and the occupations and the invasions. The political constitution with the military measure is not changed in the realm even after the founding 1948.
　When we consider the Asian Economic Integration, Pakistan is connected with the Islamic countries before 1858. India has turned against Pakistan and China, while cannot manage to connect with Sri Lank about the Tamil problem. The main reason is why India has not the leadership or the vison to adjust the counter relationship after their independence. For example, India left to negotiate RCEP（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership）in 2019.

3. Asian State’s Governance Systems and Economic・Social Systems

　The state’s governance systems adopted by the Asian States are divided mainly into two systems: dictatorship and democracy.
The dictatorship system means that a dictator or a political party has the representative sovereignty of the state and decides exclusively on the domestic and international important affaires. In general, the dictator or the one party-dictatorship tends not to be overthrown without the use of the military force.
　The democracy system means that a political party selected by the people who have a sovereignty of the state decides on the domestic and international important affaires admitted by the congress. In general, the regime change is carried democratically by the national vote.
　The economic・social systems induced by the governance system are the socialism and/or the capitalism. The socialism system is that the firms produce all the goods and services and are managed by the state’s administration. The capitalism system is that the firms produce the private goods and services and are manage by the private entrepreneurs and the public goods and services are supplied by the public sector. The mixed economic・social system is that part of the public goods and services are supplied by the public sector and others by the private economic・social sector. For example, China belongs to the dictatorship of the communist party and the economic・social system is the mixed type based on the socialist market economy. The pure capitalism like USA is rare in East Asian states. The pure socialism is North Koria.

4. Economic working given the economic・social system

　The economic performances of each state since 1990 are rather different. The state which took the socialism tends to grow at the slower growth rate than the ones which took the capitalism, because the socialist’s state obeyed the socialist planned economy and evaluated the established volumes of goods and services for each year. However, since the USSR dismantled in 1993, its effect on the East Asia communist’ s states was very significant and they( for example, Vietnam )changed the economic・social system into the mixed one. China founded Shenzhen stock exchange and Shanghai stock exchange in 1990. Afterward, China changed the state-run cooperation to the state owned cooperation (more than 50%) in 1993, because they intended to attract the fund from overseas investors. 
　 In the mixed economic・social system, according to the rate of the population per year, the production by the private sector grows to invest capital goods and employ the laborers because the more increase of the people demanded for the more private goods and services.
　If the education system has already finished in the state, the graduate pupils and students could be employed with the high salary by the private sector and the public sector. In general, the developing countries are not enough educational facilities and teachers to educate the young generation. Their industry depends on the first industry: agriculture, fishery and mining. The income earned is lower than the second industrial industry, because they do not need the educated knowledge to work on the agriculture, fishery and mining. The productive system is classified into the state-run cooperation, the state owned cooperation, nonfinancial cooperation, financial cooperation, non-profit organization for households and personal business according to System of National Accounts.
 The developing countries’ productive systems are, speaking of extremes, the state-run cooperation and personal business. For example, the African people seem not to do systematic business but traditionally to do personal business with their family. 
 Therefore, the conditions for economic growth are① the level of education, ②the diversification of the productive system, ③technology and ④the endowment of land, water and minerals resource. The public sector has been endowed with the public facilities, airport and port facilities, traffic network, communication network, energy facilities, up and down water network, waste disposal facilities.

5. Economic・Social Differences in East Asia

　In Asia, the South-North problem is the income difference among most of Asian countries, that is, most of the South countries and the a few North countries which have grown after the Second World War. The North countries in Asia are rather less than in Europe. Therefore, the main subject of the South-North problem in Asia is to let the South countries develop at the higher rate of economic growth to satisfy the conditions for the economic growth.
 The classification benchmark among the South-North countries is GNI(Gross National Income) or GNI per capita. The latter shows taxpayers’ average national income. The Asian North countries have given developing countries material support and/or financial aid and/or their GNI per capita are more than (for example)10,000US$, Singapore, Japan, Brunei, Korea, Malaysia.
 Jini’s coefficient is the index which measures the differences among countries. Jini’s coefficient is from 0, perfect equality of income to 1, perfect inequality. In the world, Jini’s coefficient of each country is calculated.  Furthermore, under the progressive taxation, Jini’s coefficient is revised lesser. The governance system and economic・social system chosen by the people effect on Jini’s coefficient. For example, China is the communist’s dictatorship system and takes the socialist market economy. China’s Jini’s coefficient is 47.3%(source: world fact book, CIA, 2013).
 In the country, there are domestically for example, in India, racial difference of Aryan 72% and Dravidian 25%, religious difference of Hindu 72% and Islam 12% and Caste system in Hindu. In India, when the economic difference comes from the racial difference or religious difference or Caste system, it should be legally put right.
   Pakistan consists of the races of Pashtun and Panjabi and their religion is Islam. India consists of the races of Aryan and Dravidian and their religion is Hindu and Islam. Bangladesh consists of the races of Bengal 98% and their religion is Islam. However, GNIs per capita in 2016 of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are 1,510, 1,680, 1,330US$, respectively. The other economic・social indexes of are surprisingly similar among Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Jini’s coefficients are 0.306(2004), 0.36(2010) and 0.321(FY07/08), respectively.
　On the contrary, the USA consists of the races of European 66% and Hispanic 15%, and their religion is Protestant 51% and Catholic 24%. When the economic difference comes from the racial difference and/or religious difference, it should be put right legally or concretely by the progressive taxation under the basic human rights which are specified in the constitution. Jini’s coefficient of the USA is 0.45(2007). China’s Jini’s coefficient is 0.47.3(source: world fact book, CIA, 2013). If Jini’s coefficient reflects the domestic differences of races and/or religions, the fact that both Jini’s coefficients are higher than average shows that both countries might have the domestic differences in the economic・social system.

6. South-North Difference Reduction Measures and Methods

　We consider the measures and methods to reduce the South-North difference. The economic difference based on the GNI can be reduced if the South government takes the measure to grow the economy. This fact was observed from 1980s in the East Asian countries.
　On the social difference based on race and religion, the government arbitrates a struggle and takes the legal measure. In the long run, the government educates the people not to extend the social difference and cares the hurt people.
Measures and methods for the economic growth
　The conditions for the economic growth are① the level of education, ②the diversification of the productive system, ③the available technology and ④the endowment with land, water and minerals resource. ⑤The public sector has been endowed with the public facilities, airport and port facilities, traffic network, communication network, energy facilities, up and down water network, waste disposal facilities and police, boundary guard, and defense capacity.
　From the experiences of the Chinese economic reform since 1978 and the East Europa Revolution and the USSR Dismantling and the Yugoslavia Dismantling, the measure which the government can takes was to change from the socialist’s economy to the market economy or the capitalism economy.
　Therefore, if the South countries aim to satisfy the conditions for the economic growth, they must enact the law system for at least the market economy as China.
Next, the South country’s government shifts the industrial structure from the percentage of the first industry to the higher of the second and the third industries, at the same time let the new companies set up, attract overseas companies, make up the domestic financial system and the overseas financial system segmented between domestic and overseas financial systems. The public sector invests in the domestic public infrastructure to receive material support and financial support.
Greenhouse Gas Reduction
　In 1997, Cop 3 was held at Kyoto International Conference Center. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted. In East Asia, the South-North problem was added the environmental policy, especially, the technical transfer and the fund to change the structure from fossil energy to renewable energy.
　According to the Kyoto Protocol, from 2008 to 2012, Japan owed the 6 % reduction of CO₂ exhaust amount at 1990.  From 2003 to 2008, by the research fund of the characteristic educational projects of Otemon Gakuin University, my seminar has started to study the practicable Greenhouse Gas reduction method.
　 Furthermore, from 2010, to2012, Basic research for scientific research (C) subject number (22530291), research theme, “I-O Analysis and macro econometric economic model for the Greenhouse Gas reduction,” was accepted. The purpose of the subject is that all industries should change from the fossil energy to renewable energy and keep the zero emission within the whole activities of economic entities. If such technology was possible at the present, the economic entities could change the technology of production and the circulation process. If there does not exist such technology, the government should promote technological progress to get the entities adopt.
　 In March11, 2011, after the earthquake, Tunami surged over the Fukushima No.1 nuclear power plant in Fukushima Pref. was melt down. Japan depended on nuclear power without CO₂ exhaust. After the accident of the Fukushima nuclear power plant, few nuclear power plants are operating in Japan. Japan owed the target of 26 % reduction comparative to 2013 by the Paris Agreement.
　The Japanese master plan for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) depended on the regular menu from the fossil energy to renewable energy but did not give up nuclear and coal energy. However, recently, the new cabinet has declared Japan aims to establish the carbon neutral until 2050.

7.  Asian Economic Integration

ASEAN was 6 members in 1984. After the Cold War, Vietnam in 1995, Myanmar and Lao PDR in 1997 and Cambodia in1999, joined in ASEAN. ASEAN has tended to be effected by EC and its next organization EU. In 2000, EU adopted euro as the currency unit among the joined countries. The ASEAN Charter came into force in 2008. It realizes an ASEAN Community that is politically cohesive, economically integrated and socially responsible in order to effectively respond to current and future challenges and opportunities. The ASEAN Community comprises the ASEAN Security Community (ASC), the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).
　ASEAN respects the fundamental importance of amity and cooperation, and the principles of sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, non-interference, consensus and unity in diversity. ASEAN adheres to the principles of democracy, the rule of law and good governance, respects for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. 
　EU aims at the ultimate political Integration. ASEAN seems firstly to aim at the economic integration (AEC) and secondly the regional collective defense and safety net against the neighboring countries(ASC), and lastly social-cultural development  (ASCC).
　ASEAN signed set up ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in December 31, 2015. The ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025 was issued to take over the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2015 consisting of five characteristics (i) A Highly Integrated and Cohesive Economy; (ⅱ)A Competitive, Innovative, and Dynamic ASEAN; (ⅲ)Enhanced Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation; (ⅳ)A Resilient, Inclusive, People-Oriented, and People-Centred ASEAN; and (ⅴ)A Global ASEAN.

7. 1 ASEAN Economic Integration

　The ASEAN Charter came into force in 2008. ASEAN signed set up ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in December31, 2015. The ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025 was issued with the engineering table.　The ASEAN Economic Community is the community that the market is consolidated; there exist productive bases within the community; high competitive enterprises within the domain, and that aims at the leveled economic development and gets outward transaction active.
　We consider global common subjects under ASEAN Economic Integration apart from the Blueprint. There are seven subjects of ①the Public Infrastructures, ②the Environmental policies, ③the Domain transaction ④the Domain Finance, ⑤ the International Trade, ⑥ the International Finance, and⑦ the ODA common committee with outward countries.
①Public Infrastructures
　The plan of the Mekong River Basin joins in the countries along the Mekong River and related to ODA. The plans related to the traffic infrastructures of the Asian highway projects along the Mekong River Basin, the electric railways constructed from Vientiane to Hanoi and to Yangon, and the water carriage and water supply.
　The Asian highway project from T. P. H`ô Chí Minh through Phnom Penh, to Bangkok has been constructed. It will be possible to construct the crossing highway from Da Nang to Mawlamyine. Afterwards, the domain and outward enterprises would construct factories in the industrial new areas along the highways and electric railways. 
　Philippine, Malaysia, and Indonesia have a lot of Islands within their domains. The contact network connecting the Islands would be constructed to supply the public and private communication and goods, services, and money by the Information network, the traffic, the electric and fuel network.
② Environmental policies
　ASEAN owed the reduction target of CO<sub>2</sub> by the Paris Agreement. Since ASEAN will aim at the growth of GDP until 2030, the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> discharge will increase when the technology of discharge is unchanged. The Environmental policies will depend on the North countries’ technology of reduction, partly. The North countries offer it to ASEAN and ask for the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> discharge in return. Such a transaction is effective on ASEAN’s the reduction target of CO<sub>2</sub> for their strategy of the growth of GDP.
　ASEAN’s domestic effort is to aim at promoting the availability of the renewable energy. The technology to transform the natural resources to the renewable energy must be provided by the North countries but ASEAN should progress their companies to produce the equipment for the transformation.
③ Domain transaction
　 If ASEAN integrate economically, the boundary barriers among ASEAN’s countries disappear to remain the exchange rates and the consumers’ taxes. The movement of capital and laborers gets free in principle. The restructure among the companies of ASEAN and foreign companies will occur. The South countries in ASEAN will increase the direct investment from ASEAN and the North countries. This process will continue until companies finish to reallocate their resources. However, if ASEAN’s central banks do not manage to control the range of the ASEAN’s countries’ rates of exchange, the effect of the economic integration will be thinned. The consumers’ taxes should equalize ASEAN’s countries’. The governments of ASEAN will consult about each fiscal policy and taxation.
　For the long tome after the floating exchange rate system began in 1971, EC has arranged to control the variable range of exchange rates among the joined countries and others. ASEAN’s central banks should manage to control the range of the ASEAN’s countries’ rates of exchange in the ASEAN’s domain.
④ Domestic finance
　In 2000, T. P. H`ô Chí Minh City Securities Trading Center was founded. In 2005, Hanoi Securities Trading Center was founded. In 2011, Cambodia Securities Exchange and Lao Security Exchange and in 2015, Yangon Stock Exchange were founded. There are Stock Exchanges in all the countries except Brunei. The Bond Markets of government bonds and cooperate bonds also would be expected.
 The banking systems in the ASEAN’s domain are not alike. Especially, in the Islamic countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, and the Mindanao Island Islamic bank could not charge interest for deposit and loans among Muslims, but request investment returns for fund. According to Islamic financial rule, the Islamic banking system has functioned and all the Islamic Banking System of ASEAN will be integrated and work together with outward Islamic Banking Systems, say, Gulf ‘s and Saudi Arabia’s. In the ASEAN Banking Systems, each could mutually open branches. The central banks in the domain of ASEAN could consult about each monetary policy.
⑤ International Trade
　After the ASEAN economic integration, the entrepreneurs within ASEAN could invest directly and freely to ASEAN’s other countries and the labors could move freely within ASEAN. Because of no tariff within ASEAN, the longer the highway net ASEAN extends, the more efficiently transporters could carry the goods.
　In the international trade, the Trans-Pacific Partnership without USA came into force in 2019. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) has been sighed in Nov. 15. 2020. ASEAN has the Free Trade Accord except RCEP’s countries.
⑥ International Finance
　 In 1997, Solos flowed speculative fund out of each domestic banking system. In the exchange market of ASEAN, there was lack of dollars. The East South Asian currencies crisis occurred. Japan had the leadership against this crisis and organized the Chiang Mai initiatives in May, 2000 but IMF did not prefer that the Asian countries cooperated to finance the lack of dollars without USA’s leadership. Furthermore, IMF compelled the East South countries to tighten their public finance (table 1). The people disliked to the policy by IMF and the political leaders lost the power to get the peoples’ support. But the Chiang Mai initiatives remained under the IMF’s condition. ASEAN+3 decided to develop the Asian bonds markets from Des. 2002.
　 In 2008, Riemann・Shock occurred. In the field of international finance, US financial institutions, banks, securities, insurances and funds were back to the USA. The trade with USA decreased remarkably in ASEAN. The ASEAN economy has not taken the significant damage from the shock in 2009, but the ASEAN economy has been growing　since 2010. The currencies crisis has not occurred. This fact showed the ASEAN financial system had the robustness against the international financial shock.
⑦ ASEAN ODA committee with outward countries
　From Table 1, according to the criteria of GDP per capita in 2018, the South countries of ASEAN are Indonesia, Philippine, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia. The North countries of ASEAN should invest the Souths’ and pull up the social and economic activities of the Souths’ to investigate the bottleneck of the conditions for the economic growth; ① the level of education, ②the diversification of the productive system, ③the available technology and ④the endowment with land, water and minerals resource, ⑤the public sector’s endowment with the public facilities．
 After the ASEAN Economic Integration, the ASEAN ODA committee should have a consultation about the ODA proposal from outward countries to proceed more effectively and save money. 
ASEAN Economic Performance
　From 1983 to 1997, in the East Asian aria, the countries that belonged to the North and performed ODA were Japan, Australia and Newland New Zealand. Let the indexes of the economic differences among the countries GDP and GDP (GNI if possible) per capita. At Table 1, GDP of ASEAN is United Nations’ statistics and GDP per capita is IMF’s statistics from 1990. The upper paragraph is GDP and the next paragraph is GDP per capita. The first bold of number shows the ranking in the world.  From Table 1, Vietnam, Lao, Myanmar, and Cambodia have the positive effect on their economy and nation since the joined year.

 Table 1. The East South Asian Currencies Crisis in 1997 and joined countries’ growth

　　　　　　　　　 1990　　　    1995　　　     1997　　     1999　　       2018
Indonesia     　　　　26 133,858　　23  236,456  　23  252,386    　　27 163,776     16  1,042,173
　　　　　   　　156    735    　132   1,195   　133    1,195   　　151     785   　 137     3,906
Malaysia     　　　　47 44,024.59   38  88,832.71  38 100,169.1  　　 44   79,148.42  　37  358,579.3
              　　　　　　58  2,586    　 55   4,678     56   5,012    　　　68    3,763     　　67   11,072
Philippine  　　　44 49,095.18   40 82,121.27   40  91,233.72  　　43   82,995.18  　39  330,910.2
           　　　　　　106   806     109  1,200     　112   1,241   　114    1,078   　 133    3,104
Singapore    　　　51 38,900　　   39　87,892　　　39 100,164　  　 41   86,285　　 　 36　 361,115　
　　　　　　　　　　　27 12,763 　   　16  24,915　　 15　26,376　   　22　  21,797　   　 8　  64,579
Thailand    　　　　33 88,460.36  　　26 169,278.9   31  150,180.5  　34 126,669.2   　　26 504,992.4
            　 77  1,571     　73   2,872    　　85     2,493   　86    2,057    　　84   7,448
Brunei      　　　　30  15,073     　36  17,650    　　36    8,453   　40  15,620     　　39  31,255
            　　 22  15,423    　24  18,292    　　26   19,121   　27  16,112      　33  30,663
Vietnam     　 98  6,471.745 　 67  20,736.26 　61   26,843.62 　60 28,683.73    　47 244,901.1（38times）
1995joined　 　　 149　   98    　162     289   　161     362   　159    361     　　139   2551
Laos          　169 901.7954  　154 1,852.407  156 1,819.883  　161 1,515.459   119 17,953.81（19 times）
1997joined   　　　 126      742  　　129     742   　136     696   　167   270      　138  2,566
Myanmar  　　 106　5,179.093　93　7,762.803　 98　9,043.066　108　6,575.623　  73 72,744.99（14 times）
1997 joined       　　　ND         ND            ND    179      155   　162  1,300
Cambodia 　　 159  1,698    　131   3,309   　　134    3,443   134    3,573    　110 24,572 （14 times）
1999joined　 　　　　　 148    100    　158     320   　167     302   　163      294    　　155  1,504

7.2  Asian Economic Integration

　The Asian Economic Integration should learn the experience that ASEAN has proceeded and RCEP（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
　The members of the Asian Economic Integration are ASEAN+6 countries. The 16 countries make sure of their initial positions of the economic growth with the five conditions; ① the level of education, ②the diversification of the productive system, ③the available technology and ④the endowment of land, water and minerals resource, ⑤the public sector’s endowment with the public facilities．
　Now, the ASEAN+6 countries are interesting in the international trade and the international finance. If they are going to aim at the Asian economic integration in the future, they should consult about the subjects; ①the Public Infrastructures, ②the Environmental policies, ③the Domain transaction ④the Domain Finance, ⑤ the International Trade, ⑥ the International Finance, and⑦ the ODA common committee with outward countries.
 We are interesting in European Union and ASEAN Economic Community and investigate their problems and economic performances. If they prove the preferable economic consequences and better welfare among joined members, ASEAN+6 countries would better integrate the economic system and match up their economic and social legal systems.


2. August, 2020   My mission from 2000 to 2018: The South-North problem in Asia 

the South-North problem in Asia(2000/3～2018/3)
　After the Cold War End, East European countries brought away from the USSR. In 1991, EC summit meeting which was held to at Maastricht reached the agreement of European monetary union and political integration. In 1993, with the effectuation of Maastricht Treaty, European Union（EU）was founded. In 2004, 10 East European countries joined in EU.
　So far, the West countries in Europa has not liquidated the imperialism as their sovereigns. However, in the future European Union will practice the power of abroad effect as a represent of EU against Africa, Middle East, South Asia and East South Asia.
  The past colonial countries adapt the language of their sovereigns as an official language and the immigration live in the sovereign. People who have learnt in the universities of their sovereigns will have a possibility to become a political leader. If EU will practice the power of the effect on the country as a represent of EU, at first, the leader will directly effect on the domestic policy from EU.
　ASEAN has been anxious about the stronger effect of EU on the sovereigns’ political affairs. It works the historical law that if a country incorporates surrounded countries and enlarges the territory, then countries outside of the enlarged country expose themselves to its political and military concern when they have less economic and military power than the enlarged country.
　As such an example, Russian Federation occupied part of the territory of Ukraine that has not agreed with Russia about the boundary agreement. The same affair occurred between Georgia and Russia in 2008 as South Ossetia War. (I visited T’bilisi in 1982. I walked around the city, on the way back to Hotel and felt the war would occur here someday. )
　Next example, China became the second GDP in the world and military power overwhelmed more than US military power, Japan self-defense power, Vietnam military power,　Philippines military power and Malaysia military power. Then, China obeyed the historical law and have built military bases.
Chinese Experiences(1990/3～2014)
　Shenzen Stock Exchange in 1990 and Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990 were established. Hong Kong Stock Exchange is tied up with both Shenzen and Shanghai   and there are A stocks for inland investors and B stocks of Chinese for foreign investors and Hong Kong H stocks. Through Hong Kong financial system, foreign investors can deal mainly with 2 types A stocks and H stocks of stocks. China could promote to set out foreign companies tied up with inland capitalists and inland enterprises raised fund from the foreign investors.
　In 1993, Deng Xiaoping, according to his Southern Lectures, aimed to introduce co-operations system which is the symbol of Capitalism.  The Deng Xiaoping’s direction was that all nationalized companies were transformed into co-operations. China tried to move IMF8 countries and finished in1996. China liberalized the capital transaction but remained to restrict the monetary transaction. Exchange rate is decided by the basket weights of currencies, dollar, pond, euro and yen. Monetary institution consisted of 4 big states-owned banks and commercial banks.
　Next, China tried to join WTO and negotiated with USA government and joined in 2001. Exchange rate is weight of currencies, dollar, euro and yen. Owing to move IMF8 and join WTO, China had been growing at the high speed rate of growth, for 10 years. China had decided that at first the coast area of China became rich and supplied labors power of temporal farmers for the coast, from the western area. From 2000, according to the Western Development Plan China began to build the infrastructure in the Chinese western area to get the inhabitant richer. Consequently, at that time, Chinese economy had a huge of domestic and international demand.
ASEAN Economic Integration(2000～2017)
　ASEAN was 6 members in 1984. After the Cold War, in 1995, Vietnam, in 1997, Myanmar and Lao PDR, 1999, Cambodia joined in ASEAN. ASEAN is effected by EC and next, EU. In 2000, EU adopted euro as the currency unit among the joined countries. ASEAN set up ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in December31, 2015.
　I visited T. P. H`ô Chí Minh and My~ Tho, Vietnam(2000), Vientiane, Luang Phabang and Namgum Dam, Lao PDR(2001), Chiang Mai University, Bangkok, Thailand(2008), Hanoi, Vietnam, Phnom Penh, Cambodia(2010) Manila, Olongapo, Philippines(2015), Yangon, Myanmar(2017) of ASEAN and Dhaka, Bangladesh (2018).
　From 2000 to 2010, I was interesting in the water carriage and water supply and the railway and Asian highway projects along the Mekong River Basin. In fact, the Asian highway project had begun to construct the road from T. P. H`ô Chí Minh to Phnom Penh in 2000. In 2001, I visited Vientiane, Luang Phabang and Namgum Dam, Lao PDR. I thought that the electric railways using Dam power of Lao PDR should be constructed from Vientiane to Hanoi and to Yangon. According to the East Asian development method, from Da Nang to Mawlamyine, the industrial areas could be induced by the foreign enterprises. 
  In 2000, T. P. H`ô Chí Minh City Securities Trading Center was founded. In 2005, Hanoi Securities Trading Center was founded. In 2011, Cambodia Securities Exchange and Lao Security Exchange and in 2015, Yangon Stock Exchange were founded.
　On the international financial aspect, in 1997, Solos flowed speculative fund out of each domestic banking system, in the exchange market, there was lack of dollars. The East South Asian currencies crisis occurred. Japan had the leadership against this crisis and organized the Chiang Mai initiatives but IMF did not prefer that the Asian countries cooperated to finance the lack of dollars without USA. Furthermore, IMF compelled the East South countries to tighten their public finance. The people disliked to the policy by IMF and the political leaders lost the power to get the peoples’ support.
But the Chiang Mai initiatives remained.
　 In 2008, Riemann・shock occurred. In the field of international finance, US financial institutions, banks, securities, insurances and funds were back to the USA. The trade with USA decreased remarkably.  
  In 2016, Mr. Trump became the President. He began the trade war against China. China and Korean had a shock of decreasing export to USA. Japan entered into a recession in 2018. On the other hand, firms of exporter to USA shifted ASEAN to produce goods to export USA.
　Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Partnership among Japan and Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations came into force in 2008.
　In the international trade, Trans-Pacific Partnership without USA came into force in 2019.
Greenhouse Gas Reduction
　In 1997, Cop 3 was held at Kyoto International Conference Center. Kyoto Protocol was adopted. In the East Asia, the South-North problems was added the environment policies, especially, the technical transfer and the fund to change the structure of fuel consumption.
　According to the Kyoto Protocol, from 2008 to 2012, Japan owed the 6 % reduction of CO₂ exhaust amount at 1990.  From 2003 to 2008, by the research fund of the characteristic educational projects of Otemon Gakuin University, my seminar has started to study the practicable Greenhouse Gas reduction methods.
　 Furthermore, from 2010, to2012, Basic research for scientific research (C) subject number (22530291), research theme, “I-O Analysis and macro econometric economic model for the Greenhouse Gas reduction,” was accepted.
　 In March11, 2011, after the earthquake, Tunami surged over Fukushima No.1 nuclear power plant in Fucushima Pref. was melt down. Japan depended on nuclear power without CO₂ exhaust. After the accident, few nuclear power plants are operating in Japan. Japan owed the target of 26 % reduction comparative to 2013 by Paris Agreement.

Overseas research activities(2000/3～2018/3/8)
⑯2018/3/5～3/８Dhaka, Bangladesh On economic affairs and fragility of national land
⑮2017/3/3～3/8 Yangon, Myanmar          On economic affairs
⑭2016/2/22～2/26 Seoul, Korea             On economic affairs
⑬2015/3/23～3/27 Manila, Olongapo, Philippines On ADB and special industrial district
⑫2014/8/23～8/25 Wuxi, Shanghai, China   On my Chinese graduates’ courses survey
⑪2014/3/14～17 Taipei, Taiwan     　　　　 ECO-PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL FAIR 2014
⑩2013/8/28～30 London，UK,             　 On EU's economy taking off
　　2013/8/30～9/5 Paris, France 　　　　On Mega-cities energy conservation
⑨2011/2/18～22 Hawai'i's Big Island and O'ahu, U.S.A, On Trans-Pacific Partnership
⑧2010/3/11～3/18 Hanoi, T. P. H`ô Chí Minh, Vietnam, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　On the ASEAN Monetary System toward ASEAN Economic and Monetary Union
⑦2008/9/1～9/7 Chiang Mai University, Bangkok, Thailand
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                  On the Railway Projects of the Mekong River Basin,
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 On the East Asian Bonds Market
⑥2006/2/24～3/3 Stockholm University, Sweden，Oslo University in Norway
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 On the Pension System and the Green Tax in Sweden
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　                On the Mineral Resources for PV, in Norway
⑤2005/3/13～3/16 Shanghai, China,　 　　 On Shanghai Financial Markets
④2004/8/23～8/27 Hong Kong,　 　　　　    On Hong Kong Financial Markets
③2001/7/21～8/22London, United Kingdom, Reid Hall, Regent's College（7/22～8/20）
②2001/3/16～3/21Vientiane, Luang Phabang and Namgum Dam, Lao PDR
　                                 　　　　　　　　　　　 On the Collaboration of the Mekong River Basin
①2000/3/25～3/28 T. P. H`ô Chí Minh and My~ Tho, Vietnam
　　　　　　　　　　　　                                  On the Collaboration of the Mekong River Basin
Japanese Development Method
　Japanese development method is to build the planned infrastructure by the central government and the industrial area oriented to the new technology by the local government of each prefecture and to induce inland and foreign companies with new technology.
　Furthermore, for example, since in Korea, the catch up to Japan is a slogan, Pohang Steel had founded the industrial college and the research center. In Japan, for example, Ishikawa Science Park has Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology founded in1990.
 After the Japanese financial crisis from 1997 to 2001, Freedom Democratic Party FDP converted the development direction from the local development to the urban and reduced the budgets of the local development plans. But as long as the urban continues to increase the inflow of population, the larger it has been consuming fuel, the larger exhaust amount of CO₂ and the government must take the policy to reduce the greenhouse gas because of Kyoto agreement in 1997.
 The developing country tends to continue to enlarge the capital and consequently to get the capital to be a mega-city, for example, Bangkok and Jakarta and so on. Outside of the mega-city, the rice field spreads. If the country does not decentralize the government function and economic function of a mega-city into the remote city, then the population increases and the investment of infrastructure and private sectors increases. On the contrary, the population of the local cities decreases more and more.
 Since in 2000, the Greenhouse Gas begins to increase and as result, the average temperature to rise. The mega-city consumes a large amount of fuel and the Greenhouse Gas is exhausted. There is a limit to increase the consumption of energy.
　The local cities tend to decrease the population and the consumption of fuel and the inhabitant and the industries can take the alternative clean energies, that is, renewable energies, in Japan, defined by solar power generation, wind power generation, biomass power generation, low head hydro power generation less than 30,000KW and geothermal power generation.
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Method
　In 2002, my seminar visited Osaka Gas Senhoku Mill. Until after 100 years, the temperature varieties of the surface on the sphere of the earth were dynamically simulated in red color, if it was the higher. The result after 100 years was the red sphere of the earth. My seminar was very astonished at the color and began the study of Greenhouse Gas reduction method.
  In the urban area, technical methods to visit and see are combined cycle natural gas power station, home appliance recycling, solar power buying, solar power panel production, waste cooking oil fuelization facility, forest administration robot, biomass power by anaerobic fermentation of beer drainage.
　In the local area, technical methods to visit and see are solar power panel production, geothermal power station, wind power generation, biomass power generation, low head hydro power generation, livestock waste methane fermentation power・heat utilization, ethanol from wood, wooden pellet production,  boiler of pellet for a spa and a stove of pellet for a coffee shop, bio-power(wooden chips) , production of electric vehicles. In the local area of developing countries, these technical methods can use to aid to transfer.
　Technical methods which firms were developing in related fields visited Biwako environment Messes from 2008and Tokyo Eco-Products at Tokyo Big site every year from 2013.
　From 2010, to2012, Basic research for scientific research (C) subject number (22530291), research theme, “I-O Analysis and macro econometric economic model for the Greenhouse Gas reduction,” was accepted. From 2011 to 2014, Seminarists and graduates wrestled with research of solar panel propagation rate and estimated the exhaust amount of CO₂ among industries by I-O table and predicted the short run prediction of the exhaust amount of CO₂ by Osaka Pref. macro econometric economic model.

My Seminar’s research activities　(2002～2017)
⑮2017/12/9, Tokyo, Tokyo Big site, Eco-products2017
　　　　　10/19, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2017
⑭2016/12/10, Tokyo, Tokyo Big site, Eco-products2016
　　　　　10/19, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2016
⑬2015, 12/12, Tokyo, Tokyo Big site, Eco-products2015
　　　　　10/22, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2015
⑫2014, 12/13, Tokyo, Tokyo Big site, Eco-products2014
　　　　　10/22, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2014
⑪2013/12/14, Tokyo, Tokyo International Exhibition Center(Tokyo Big site), Eco-products2013
　　　　　10/24～26, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2013
⑩2012, 10/24～26, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2012
⑨2011, 12/14, Okayama Pref. Mizushima city, Mitubishi Motor Industry
　　　              Electric Vehicles
　　　　　10/21, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2011
　　　　　　9/12 , Iwate Pref. Matukawa Geothermal Power Station (23,500Kw)
⑧2010, 10/20～22, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2010
　        12/24 Osaka Pref. Suita city, Asahi Beer Suita factory, Anaerobic Fermentation of Beer Drainage, biomass power
⑦2009, 10/22, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, Enviro-Shiga 2009
　　　              Hyogo Pref. Hyogo palp industry, biomass-power(wooden chips)
　　　             Osaka Pref. Osaka city urban industries promotion center, Robot laboratory, we consulted it products of forest administration robot
　　　              Osaka Pref. Higashi Osaka city, Creation Core Higashiosaka 
⑥2008/10/22, Shiga Pref. Nagahama city, (Enviro-Shiga)Biwako Environmental Business Messe 2008, Environmental Business Exhibitions
　　　　　　2/12, Kyoto Pref. Kyoto city waste cooking oil fuelization facility
　　　　　　1/18, Osaka Pref.  Takatuki city, Forest sight-seeing center, boiler of pellet for a spa and a stove of pellet for a coffee shop
　　　　　　1/22, Osaka Pref. Takatuki city, Forest resources processing center, wooden pellet
⑤2007/12/19, Okayama Pref. Maniwa city, Biomass tour Maniwa: ethanol from wood, wooden pellet
　　　　　12/12, Osaka Pref. Toyonaka city, Bureau of waterworks, Terauchi water distribution field, low head hydro power
　　　　　　9/4, Kyoto Pref. Keihoku Forest Assosiation, Thinning comparative research forest
　　　　　　6/19, Osaka Pref. Sapporo Beer Osaka factory, Anaerobic Fermentation of Beer Drainage, boiler utilization
④2006/1/17, Yanmer Energy System, gas engine micro cogeneration system
③2005/12/19,SINFONIA TECHNOLOGY, low head hydro power, small wind turbine
　　　　　12/7, DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, Sakai Mill Kaneoka factory, EcoCuto(Natural coolant CO₂ heat pump type water heater)
　　　　　11/16, Kyoto Pref.Yagi-cho, Yagi Bio-ecology Center, livestock waste methane fermentation power・heat utilization
　　　　　7 /29, Aichi Pref.  2005 Japan International Exposition
②2004, Oita Pref.　Hattyoubaru Geothermal Power Station (total 124,500Kw)
　        Kyoto Pref. Kyosera, solar power panel production
　        Osaka Pref. Kansai Electric Power(KEPC), all electric housing model house
          KEPC Takatuki Sales Office, buy amount of solar power in the area
①2002/11/28 Kansai Recycle systems, TV, recycle of refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines according to home appliance recycling law.
　　　　　11/13 Osaka Pref. Osaka Gas, Senhoku mill, combined cycle natural gas power station


26. July, 2020 My mission from the Cold War End 1989,till 1997/9: The South-North problem in Asia  (1990/3～1997/9)

The South-North Problem in Asia(1990/3～1997/9)
　After the Cold War ended in 1989, there remained the South-North problem in Asia and even in Europa, the potential South-North problem,  that is, South Europa and East Europa added after the Cold War.
　 I devoted on the South-North Asian problem because I had prepared for the basic study on the South-North problem in Asia to travel the East-South Asian countries by the Nishimura seminar tour in 1984 and China by Group tours in 1983, 1987and private tour in 1989, Hong Kong, Taiwan in 1985 by private tour, South Korea by private tour in 1985 and Nishimura seminar tour in 1988.

Main subject of the South-North Asian problem (1990/3～1997/9)
　 The South-North Asian problem is the income differences among Asian countries. This point must empirically test the Hypothesis of the differences enlargement or not until 1989. But at that time, the North countries in Asia were rather less than European countries. Therefore, the main subject is to let the South countries of the lowest growth rate develop economically.

study of Chinese cities
　　After June 4, 1989 天安門Tiananmen incident，direct investments from America and Europa decreased, because of their applying economic sanctions against the incident controlled by military measure.
　　In March19, 1990, August4, 1990, I began to start private study tours of Chinese cities with guide. Consequently, I had looked into point cities of大連Dalian, 鞍山Anshan, 瀋陽Shenyan, 哈爾濱(大慶)Harbin( Daqing) ，長春(撫順) Changchun(Fushun)，景徳鎮Jingdezhen, 南京Nanking, 武漢Wuhan, 広州Kanton,　桂林Guilin，西安Sian, 北京Beijing, 上海Shanghai, since 1983, 1987, 1989.
　　
　　Meanwhile, in August2, 1990, Kuwait invasion by Iraq occurred when I was in Beijing. Multi-country armies attacked Iraq to regain Kuwait in January17, 1991 and the Galf War ended February28, 1991. The War had much effect on the oil price, the oil production in the Percian Gulf and Asian economic activities. China planned to obtain natural resources to proceed into developing countries in Africa for the Chinese economic growth.
　　深圳Shenzen Stock Exchange in 1990 and 上海Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990 were established. Calling for promoting foreign companies tied up with Inland capitalists to set out. inland capitalists depressed.
　　In 1993, Deng Xiaoping, according to the Southern Lectures, aimed to introduce co-operations system which is the symbol of Capitalism.  The Deng Xiaoping’s direction was that all nationalized companies were transformed into co-operations.

study of Indian economy
　　By the way, in May21, 1991, Prime Minister Rajiv Ratna Gandhi was killed. In September, 1991，for the first time, I taught two girl students Japanese financial system, from Gujarat University as exchange students. In Eve December, 1991, I invited them in my house with my wife who tended to be faithful and vegetarian, not full and my baby who was born in January, 1991. I promised that next February, I would visit Gujarat University and in the near future, I would visit there with my family. I decided to change the direction of the South-North problem from East Asia to India.
　　I have had a symbol of my ideal of Ukuwa(宇空和). After the East-West End, for the South-North Asian problem solution, I considered the new symbol of Asian Nations with cultural, religious, historical and political diversification as United Asian  Nations(U. A. N.).

　　　　　　　　　　　U.　A.　N.


The central circle denotes the sun and the small circle surrounded denotes each nation and the yellow color the common ideal. I embroidered the symbol on the new blue knapsack. In Bombay, February 1992, I carried it for the first time.

　　In 1993, EC was restructured as European Union (EU) and ASEAN was economically integrated in 2015 as ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The EU after the Cold War End is the consensus of collective decisions of members’ countries and the AEC also. In the present, there is the possibility that the East Economic Community including AEC will be founded.
　　 In 1992, 1993, 1994 with my family and 1996, I had visited Ahmedabad and other cities.
　　At that time, Prime Minister Rao began to take the economic liberalization policy against socialistic policy based on the 5th year plan. India was cooperative with the USSR. It isn’t clear whether this policy change depended on the East Europa Revolution or the socialistic 5th year plan did not establish the target of each year.
　　From the point of view that the South economic growth problem could not be resolved by the socialistic method, the economic liberalization in India is preferable to my position.
　　By the death of Rajiv Ratna Gandhi, Indian political stability would tend to be unstable and at the same time, Indians’ money transfer from Middle East after the Gulf War decreased and the foreign reserves also.
　　In 1992, I was introduced Professor Dr. C. Gopalkrishnan, B. K. School of Business Management in Gujarat University and taught the financial literatures. I visited Gandhi Ashram. Back to Japan, I read Gandhi’s non-violence resistance.
　　However, in December, 1992, Ayodhya conflict occurred. In the South problem, by the religious reason, the domestic conflict happened often. It is the main reason for me to practice the 12weeks’ cycle of the world religions. In February 1993，I landed on New Delhi, I felt the strain in the airport and flied to Bangalore, by train to Mysore and again flied to Madras. Especially, I was interesting in Tamil Nadu because Rajiv Ratna Gandhi was killed by two women of LTTE in Tamil Nadu. I took a walk on the Madras seashore and felt easy. There was the strain in the airport. I again met Dr. C. Gopalkrishnan, B. K. School of Business Management in Gujarat University. We discussed the problems of boundary between India and Pakistan and boundary between India and China in tea time. I said in the rivers of both boundaries dams could be built to control water resource and to product electric energy. There was no plan to build the Highway net and the electric railway net. At least, Indian Bow Highway from Calcutta via Delhi via Ahmadabad to Bombay and Indian Arrow Highway from should be built. Basic infrastructure is lack.
　　India is democratic and Multi-ethnic country and there are two large parties, the All-India National Congress Party(INC) and Bharatiya Janatu Party (BJP) Political struggle between INC and BJP is how to get leadership to buy vote but not how to manage basic infrastructure which measures to rise more agricultural and or industrial productivities.
　　In August, 1994, it was rainy season and it is the most dangerous for the tourists but my family visited Ahmadabad and Dr. C. Gopalkrishnan invited us home. He told us that Ayodhya conflict continued and even in Ahmadabad Hindu attacked Islamite (with club). We visited Gandhi Ashram. Then, we flied to New Delhi.
　　In 1996, I again visited Professor Dr. C. Gopalkrishnan, B. K. School of Business Management in Gujarat University. He was so anxiety about the great earth quake in Hanshin-Awaji. I told him the recovery was proceeding. He introduced me Institute of Rural Management, Annand. I asked the agricultural development in the Gujarat aria.
　　As the conclusion on Indian economy, agricultural development needed. It seemed to be difficult to develop industries in India. There is a desert of the Gujarat west aria. In 1998, A. B. Vajpayee government of BJP experimented the nuclear weapons under the Great Indian Desert. In 2001, there occurred the Gujarat earthquake in the Run of Kachchh, perhaps by the induction of the nuclear experiment. The nuclear experiment place, Pokaran is near Indira Gandhi Cannel and Japan supports the area. There is the great political contradiction between INC and BJP.

Japanese Agricultural protectionism and overseas export oriented Australia Agriculture on Uruguay Round(1984～1994)  　　　In 1997, I studied Australian Agriculture in the Southern Queensland University for half and a month. In Japan, I had studied Japanese rice agriculture. Japan decided to obey Multi-country trade accord, Uruguay Round and Japanese government expended the budget of 6 trillion Yen to strengthen rice production. Professors in the Southern Queensland University taught me the large scaled Australian agriculture performed to export agricultural products. Since there is few large and long river in Australia, ground water is used. It is limit to increase rice in Australia. In a seminar, I concluded that the tariff of Australian rice would be reduced beginning the aging of Japanese farmers and also other agricultural products. I withed the safe food for Australian farmers increasing to export for Japanese food market.

Overseas research activities(1990/3～1997/9)
⑦August3，1997 Osaka→Brisbane→Toowoomba，The Department of Government, Economics and Logistics, The University of Southern　Queensland, Australia→Brisbane→ September18，1997 Osaka
⑥February18, 1996Osaka→February18New Delhi→Ahmedabad, B. K. School of Business Management, Gujarat University, Institute of Rural Management, Annand→New Delhi March2→March3，1996 Osaka
⑤Geneva→September15, 1994New Delhi→Ahmedabad, B. K. School of Business Management, Gujarat University→New Delhi September20→September21，1994Osaka
④February17, 1993Osaka→February New Delhi→Bangalore→Mysore→Madras→ Ahmedabad, B. K. School of Business Management, Gujarat University→ New Delhi March7→March10，1993Osaka
③February20, 1992Narita→February20Bombay February21→February21Ahmedabad, B. K. School of Business Management, Gujarat University →New Delhi March7→March8，1992Osaka
②August4,1990Fukuoka→August4，1990北京Beijing→ハルピン(大慶)Harbin( Daqing) →長春(撫順) Changchun(Fushun)→北京Beijing→August11，1990Fukuoka　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　    　　　Private Tour　with guide
①　March19，1990大阪Osaka→March19上海Shanghai→景徳鎮Jingdezhen→南京Nanking→武漢WuhanMarch26→March26香港Hong Kong March27→March27，1990福岡Fukuoka　                         　　　　　　　 Private Tour with guide

Method of development
　China traditional industries in the East-North Aria, Shanghai and Hong Kong. The communist party relay on the legacy before the War, Nationalized factories. In 1993, Deng Xiaoping, according to the Southern Lectures, aimed to introduce co-operations system which is the symbol of Capitalism.  The Deng Xiaoping’s direction was that all nationalized companies were transformed into co-operations.
　　Shenzen Stock Exchange in 1990 and Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1990 were established. Calling for promoting foreign companies tied up with Inland capitalists to set out. Inland capitalists depressed.  However, the growth rate is stagnated until China joined WTO in 2001.
　　In the developing countries, there exist more nationalized companies than private co-operations. However, nationalized companies are inefficiently to manage, to be chronic deficit to request bribery from abroad co-operations and for enterprisers to pocket returns.

Japanese development method:
　　I had visited regional factories in Japan with Nishimura seminar students every year, under the local government of each prefecture planning his industrial area and the central government connecting the area with highway.
　　In the South countries in Asia, such a development method has been more popular in growing the regional economy, for example, the Republic of Korea which held to induce Japanese companies with new technology in the new industrial aria oriented to the new technology.

My Seminar’s Practice Examples in each Prefecture (1989～2001)
　　According to “The third Chubu Area Basic Development Adjustment Plan,” that in Chubu Area of Aichi, Mie, Shizuoka,  Nagano, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui and Gifu Prefectures the central government with local governments build the planned infrastructure of Hokuriku Highway, Tokai-Hokuriku Highway, Shin-tomei Highway, Chubu International Airport, Hokuriku Super-railway, Nagano Super-railway,  industrial areas, water resources, dams. (1989～1997)
　　According to “Shikoku Area Basic Development Adjustment Plan,” that in Shikoku Area of Tokushima, Kochi, Kagawa, Ehime Prefectures the central government with local governments build the planned infrastructure of Tokushima Highway and Kochi Highway, Akashi Bridge, the industrial areas at that time. (1998～2001)
　　In each prefecture, I selected the representative corporations listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange. Before 1858, in each feudal clan, the traditional industries had developed to produce for example, tableware, silks, copperware, wooden farm machines and iron implements, cutlery, wooden goods and so on, because his feudal clan had promoted to do such goods and exported such Arita and Imari tableware to Europa or shipped inland. After 1859, the Meiji government also promoted to produce them because of earning foreign money. Entrepreneurs　imported the technique from Europe and modernized their handmade products to make them mechanically. We also visited the traditional industries.
　　Asian colonial governments developed colonial agricultural products to employ agricultural labors though they had skilled handmade products. European colonial governments had not given them their technique to make final goods and capital goods mechanically. After the Second World　War,　in the region　occupied by Japan, Japan renounced properties. The industries renounced had operated when I visited from 1987 to1990 China.

My Seminar’s research activities　(1989～2001)
2001：Hiroshima Pref. AOYAMA TRADING, men’s apparel,　　　　　　　　　 Fukuyama city
                   　　　　　　　  Otafuku Sauce, Okonomiyaki sauce, 　　　　　　Hiroshima city
2000：Ehime Pref.    FUKUSUKE KOGYO, packing materials, plastic bag, Shikokuchuou city
                    IMABARI SHIPBUILDIG, shipbuilding, 　　　　　　Nakatado-gun
      Tokyo         　　　　　Tokyo Stock Exchange, option, electric transaction method
1999：Kagawa Pref.    cecile(dinos-cecile), mail order, 　　　　　　　　　　　　Sanuki city
　　　　　　                     TADAN, crane truck, 　　　　　　　　　　　　Takamatu city
1998: Kochi Pref.　    GIKEN, implant method of piling, 　　　　　　　　　　　　Kochi city
　　　　　　                     Deep water, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Muroto city
Tokushima Pref.　    Otuka Pharmaceutical, medical supplies, health food, 　Naruto city
                    Kawano-mericlone, cymbidium cultivation by bio-technology imported from France, Mima city

1996: Gifu Pref.　　　　Mirai, electric cable pipe equipment, 　　　　　　　Anhachi-gun
　　　　　　                    International Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia VSMM・96, VR, 3D, Virtual Simulators, Gifu-city
　　　　Fukui Pref. 　　Fukuvi, chemical building materials, 　　　　　　　　Fukui city
1995: Ishikawa Pref. Yagicorporation, uniform sewing, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　Kanazawa city
　　　　　　　                    Komatu-Seiren, dye works, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Kanazawa city
                    Ishikawa Science Park NTT, ISDN( Integrate Service Digital Network) , Noumi city
　　　　　Tokyo  　　　　　　NHK　Broadcaster　Center, Digital (Satellite)Broadcasting
       　　　　　　　　　　　　　Secom at home medical system, delivery service of intravenous feeding
1994:　Kanagawa Pref.  Sankyo(Daiichi-Sankyo), mebachiron, 　　　　　　　　　Fujisawa city
　　　　　Chiba Pref.　　 Fukuda, electrocardiograph,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Shiroi city
1993: Toyama Pref.　　Koukando, herb medicine, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Toyama city
　　　　　　                    TAKAOKA DESIGN & CRAFT CENTER, bronze ware, minutes Takaoka city
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Tateyama Mountain Range, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Tateyama-cho(Resort Development)
1992: Nagano Pref.  　NAGANO TOMATO, tomato can juice, 　　　　　　　　　　　Matumoto city
　　　　　　                     Karuizawa-cho(Resort Development) A. C. Show missionary built the first summer house in 1888.
1991: Sizuoka Pref.   Tamiya, parasitic car model, 　　　　　　　　　　　Shizuoka city
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Yamaha-motor, motorcycle, 　　　　　　　　　　　Iwata city
　　　　　　　                     Yamaha, piano, electric piano, 　　　　　　　　　　　Kakegawa city
1990: Mie　Pref.      Chubu Electric Power Company, Combined Cycle Natural Gas Power Station, gas turbine engine, Yokkaichi city
　　　　　　　　                  HONDA, Suzuka Mill, car paint process
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  Suzuka Circuit, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Suzuka city
1989: Aichi　Pref.    Mitsubishi　Heveay　Industries, Air-conditioner Mill, air-compressor, Nagoya city
 　　　　　　                     Toyota Motor, Tutumi factory, Kanban method, 　　　　　Toyoda city
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Traditional　Ceramic　Industry, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Seto　city
　　　　　　                 Aichi Water from Kiso river into Chita Peninsula, financed by The World Bank after the Second World War, Chita Peninsula  


19. July, 2020  My missions: The first mission is the East-West Cold War in Europe and the second mission is the South-North problem in Asia（sub-problem of world religions）

The East-West Cold War Conclusion
 The first mission in 1981 was the East-West Cold War conclusion. In the East countries the economic development had stagnated in spite of reforming their economies from the centralization of political and economic decisions to their decentralization. Since the communist party governed the people in each country, they could not adapt the democratic decision rule by the people because the USSR had controlled them and not admitted to part freely from the USSR.
　At first, I had no idea in 1981 about the concrete method to let the Cold War in Europe cease. I observed their economic activities to visit the East four countries and Beograd of Yugoslavia in 1983 and considered the development plans of socialism countries. In fact, I wrote the development plans of Russia, Rumania，Bulgaria，Yugoslavia，Hungary，Czechoslovakia during the travel．Points are that the industrial structures must be modernized, traffic infrastructures, electric energy and oil and gas pipe lines. Agriculture must be modernized and international trades among the East countries. Market mechanism by prices of goods and services must work in the final goods.
　On the other hand, in the West countries, under the democratic institution, the socialist parties leaded to adapt the socialistic policies and tended to increase the public sectors because the people didn’t prefer the capitalism like USA’s with temporal employment and layoff.
　Both sides in Europa, we could observe the institutional differences to be coming near.
　East countries in fact were occupied by the USSR and compelled to be the same sovereignty of the communist party. They wished to live under the democratic rule rather than to reform their economies.  
  
Overseas research activities(1982/7～1989/11)
The East-West Cold War End Process(1982/7～1989/11)

⑦　July23，1989Osaka→July23大連→鞍山→July27瀋陽→July29長春（Private Tour　with guide）
長春July30→July3189Beijing→August02Ulan Bator August03→August04Irkutsk August05→August08Moscow August11→August12Leningrad August14→August15， Warsaw→August16East-Berlin (studying East Europa) August18→Leipzig August20→August21Munich→Bern→Lauterbrunnen（Jungfrau）→ZurichAugust31→Frankfurt August31→Septmber01Manila September03→September03Hong Kong→Septmber04,1989Osaka

⑥　September1, 1988 Osaka→September2Istanbul(Bosporus) September6→Stockholm→Helsinki September7(3 Baltic countries, Tallinn―Riga－Vilnius、private tour canceled , studying East Europa)(Baltic Sea)→September7Copenhagen→September14Singapore→September15, 1988Osaka

⑤　September, 1986 Tangier (Str. of Gibraltar)

④　April05, 1986Frankfurt→Boppard→June, Bielefeld November→Wien→Graz→Wien→Moscow→November26, 1986 Narita

③August26，1985Seattle USA→Vancouver→Victoria-city Canada→Septmber7， Vancouver→Septmber7Seattle USA→Septmber8，1985Narita
(because of preventing from the incident between USA and USSR in the Pacific Ocean   such as September 01, 1983 Korean Air 007)

②　March27, 1984 Narita→Moscow →Wien（collecting information to study abroad）→March31, 1984 Warszawa (studying East Europa) April02→Moscow→April 8, 1984 Narita

①　July08，1983　from Niigata Japan to Khabarovsk→Irkutsk→Almaty→Tashkent→Kiev→Odesa→July16 Bucharest(studying East Europa)→July19 Sofia→July21Beograd→July23 Budapest→July25 Praha→July27 Wien

July31Madrid and learnt Spanish in the Eurocentres Madrid for 4 weeks from August1 to August 26, August14 to August15 Lisbon
August28 London→August29 Cambridge
September03, 1983 Heathrow→Geneva, Lausanne（collecting information from Japan, because of September 01, 1983 Korean Air 007 shot down by the USSR jet fighter）→September05Oxford→September11Heathrow→September13Narita Japan

The USSR dismember 1993
September3, 1995Niigata→ Vladivostok，(Private Russian Lesson), Khabarovsk (Private Tour　with guide)→Vladivostok→September14, 1995Niigata

Yugoslavia Federation dismember (1991～1998)
August31，1994Osaka→September2Frankfurt→September2Boppard→Interlaken→Geneva→September15New Delhi→Ahmadabad, Gujarat University, Management Faculty, Gandhi-Ashram→ New Delhi September20→September21，1994Osaka 　

The second mission is the South-North problem in Asia（sub-problem of world religions）

the South-North problem solution(1983～1989)
　The second mission in 1981 was the South-North problem in Asia that there were the economic and political differences between the South and the North. In the East Asia, for example China changed the domestic power from Mao group to Deng Xiaoping and since 1978, China aimed to the socialistic market economy to make market mechanism function.
　I was going to use Japanese High-speed economic progress as the method of decreasing the economic differences between the South and the North because I could visit regional factories in Japan with students, under the local government and the central planning the industrial area and connecting with highway. In the South countries in Asia, such development method has been more popular in growing the regional economy.  

Overseas research activities(1982/7～1989/9)
⑥　July23，1989Osaka→July23大連→鞍山→July27瀋陽→July29長春（Private Tour　with guide）
長春July30→July31，北京BeijingAugust02→August04Irkutsk August05→August08Moscow August11→August12Leningrad →August16East-Berlin August18→August18LeipzigAugust20→August21Munchen→August21Bern

⑤　March19，1988Osaka南港→釜山→馬山→慶州→浦項→扶余→光州→大田→ソウル→板門店→国連軍墓地→金浦→March26，1988Osaka大阪,　Nishimura　Seminar,　Group Tour

④　August17，1987Fukuoka→August17Hong Kong香港→August18桂林Guilin→広州Canton→August22香港→August23Fukuoka, (Group Tour)

③　March27，1985台湾Taiwan→March 31Soul韓国South　Korea→ Pusan April2→April3, 1985Kanmon下関

②　August20，1984Osaka→August20Jakarta→August22Singapore→August25Kuala Lumpur→August27Bangkok→August29Hong Kong→August31Osaka,　Nishimura　Seminar,　（Group Tour）

①　March26, 1983 Narita→北京Beijing →西安Sian →上海Shanghai,　April2, 1983→Narita, (Group Tour)

sub-problem of world religions
World　Religions　pilgrimage(a journey to a holy place for religious reasons)
　When we plan to develop an economy of any country, we must consider the people’s traditional religion to employ laborers who believe in Christianity, Islam, Hinduism or Buddhism and so on. We are apt to make uniformly a development plan but laborers does not prefer to such because of their religious reason.
　 I read the Bible, 聖クルアーンLe Saint Coran, 木津無庵編新訳仏教聖典．I decided  to read each 12 weeks, respectively, the Bible, the Mediterranean thoughts, Le Saint Coran, and仏教聖典. When I read Le Saint Coran, for the first four weeks, I practice Ramadan. When I read 仏教聖典 for the first four weeks, I practice abstinence.  They had continued until 65 years old.

Overseas research activities(1982/7～1986/9)
⑥　September, 1986 Tangier→Rabat→Casablanca，Morocco

⑤　August, 1986 Frankfurt→Tel Aviv→Jerusalem→August, 1986 Frankfurt

④　August07, 1986 AthensAugust08→August08, 1986Bielefeld

③　March28，1986，Cairo, Luxor，Karnak Temple，Valley of the Kings

②　December24, 1985Osaka→December25Calcutta→　Gaya→Benares→New　Deri→January04，1986Osaka

①　August, 1982Vatican(July13, 1982Yokohama→September08, 1982Narita)


12. July, 2020  My mission　ｒevised  （21. June, 2014 My mission）

　　I heard in the morning J．F．Kenedy was killed，13/11/1963. I told my father J．F．Kenedy was killed. At that time, our family lived in Ube city, Yamaguchi Pref. I had written letters with a pen girlfriend in Australia. I went to the Ube high school. After Tokyo Olympic, in Jan. 1965, my family moved to Nagato city to leave me in Ube. 
 　Meanwhile, my father as a manager of bank branch had known he would transport to the next branch and leave me. When he drank, he told me that you should be aim to contribute the world. I could not understand the reason．Afterward in 1990s, only  once he told that he heard from a Chinese fortuneteller in China that I be born as a brilliant baby who contribute to the world，After the Japan-China war, he returned to Hofu city, Yamaguchi Pref. . He believed in the prophesy since the scenario of the Chinese fortuneteller had realized meanwhile.Then, I answered him that I was not the brilliant but my baby if possible.
　　 In 1969, I entered to the faculty of Economics in the Kobe University, and I experienced the students’ university disputes in Kyoto and Kobe as a student. I had studied the Marxism but could not agree to the students’ assertion because the Laborers Union and the entrepreneurs had already had the conciliation of capital and labor. After the dispute in the Kobe University ceased, in 1970 the Osaka International Exhibition held. In the summer, I tried to the travel by cycle from Kyoto to Hofu city, Yamaguchi Pref. and I prepared for money and a bicycle to work at the famous Japanese Inn in Kyoto but I had tired with a busy work because of the Osaka International Exhibition. When I returned to Hofu city, my father expected my action I traveled by cycle and disappointed very much.
　　I decided to return to Kyoto. At Hiroshima station in the morning, when I waited for a train, three women also did. We got on the same train and the middle-aged woman spoke to me and the student from Austria had a plan of visiting Kyoto and the Osaka International Exhibition and asked me to guide her in Kyoto and Osaka. I visited YMCA Kyoto at the promising date and met her again. I guided her in the places she planned and the Exhibition. When I saw her at Kyoto station off, I said I would see you someday. We began to exchange letters. I again worked at the Inn to save money to travel overseas.   But in the season that all the students sought their job, I took the entrance exam to companies in March in 1971 and I failed, because I said I was going to my girlfriend in Austria. I gave up to entry to a company and I worked at the Japanese Inn to get money to go to Austria. I sent the letter informed her ①to seek a job of a large trade company ②to enter into the graduate school ③ to study abroad after the graduation of Master’s course. However, I didn’t receive her return.
　　In the summer of 1971, from Yokohama to Nakhodka by ship, passing through Irkutsk to Moskva by the Siberian railway, from Moskva passing through Warszawa, Bratislava to Wien by train. We met again at the Wien station and went to Graz. She introduced me her family and a Japanese music student. After I stayed several days in Graz, we together traveled for Venezia, Innsbruck and Salzburg. At the result, we were sure of each other friend.
　　After I returned from Wien to Yokohama by the same course, adversely, I consulted with Professor Jiichi Hayashi who was my guidance teacher, I said that I gave up to enter into a company and I prepared for the exam of entrance to the graduate school of Economics, the Kobe University. In 1972, autumn, I passed the exam of entrance and in 1973, I entered into Professor Mituo Saito’s seminar. Professor Saito whose subject was econometrics was familiar with L. R. Klein. My master’s thesis was Stochastic Dynamics of the Portfolio Selection Theory. After　the master’ s course, I returned to Professor J. Hayashi because that the content of master’s thesis was very theoretical and studied the stochastic dynamics of the assets market. I studied E. von Boem-Bawerk, I. Fisher, F. A. Lutz, J. R. Hicks and D. Patinkin on the assets market.
　　In 1976 summer, I went to Köln in West Germany and learnt German in the Euro-Center for 4 weeks because of the German exam of the doctor’ s course and lived in home-stay with an old couple. After the German study, since I had promised Graz’s family to meet again in 1971, I met again them and spoke to them in German for the first time. The girlfriend who had just be back from Paris looked like busy in studying the French literature and said that she graduated to become a translator. On the other hand, since I must consider to get the profession in any University until in March 1978, this trip was the last one.
　　After the doctor’s course was over in March 1978, it was difficult to get the profession in any University. I moved to Professor Tetuya Gono seminar of Statistics because I had taken his sub-seminar and learnt mathematical statistics of Rao(1973) , functional analysis of Kolmogorov & Fomin (1968)and Distributed Lags of Dhrymes (1971) for 5 years. Professor Gono died in 23th Nov. 1978.
　　In the greatest crisis of my life, I decided to write the doctorial paper of Stochastic Dynamics of Assets Market and wrote the paper in English “Expected Time Preference,” Rokkodai Ronshu Vol. 26 No.4, Jan. 1980. In April, 1980, I got a full-time lecturer of Otemon Gakuin University. From April, 1981, I was going to teach students.
　　Meanwhile, because of setting assets market up to temporal general equilibrium markets I had copied the literatures about the general equilibrium theory, core and the temporal general equilibrium theory by Grandmont and others. I studied until October 1981, to extend two –dimension “Expected Time Preference” to multi-dimension “Multivariate von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility and its Additive Representation” to send Journal of Economic Theory. In Nov.1980, I received the letter to inform the paper to be submitted.
　　In April, 1981, I had been working as lecturer of Otemon Gakuin University. But the environment surrounded with me was changed and I could not follow to the change because of a full of subjects to study and teach. Then, I took a rest and began to work from September, 1981.
　　In June, 1981, at last, I transformed to a mansion from the lodgings above the workshop of carpenter which had been built in 1910’s, where in winter, the cold wind conveyed snow inside the window and in the rainy season the rain fell under the central of the room and the roof was rust zinc and in summer, in a day, I wore a swimming pant only, but the temperature became more than 50 degrees. I couldn’t move and think. I only stayed still and waited for the public bath open till 4 p.m. It was only a pleasure in summer. In the center of Kyoto City, my lodgings was the nature itself. From 1968 to 1981, I had lived there.
　I moved in the mansion and I read three newspapers in the morning because I had concentrated to study the abstract economic models and left furthermore from the real economic and political movement in the world. At the time, Iran-Iraq War occurred in 1980, USSR invaded Afghanistan in1979.
　　The autumn semester began. I watched that Sadat Egypt President was killed by mujahidin in October, 1981. I felt that the Middle East would be unstable. I reflected on my past from the present to baby, adversely, and I thought why I traveled the Eurasia in 1971 and 1976. At last, there remained a mission in my mind that I should contribute to it if I would have had a power to manage the subjects given by the mission.
　　
　　The first mission was the East-West Cold War in Europe should cease because I knew the USSR in the first travel of 1971 and the part of the West, Austria and Italy and West Germany and France in the second travel of 1976.  
　　In the East countries the economic development had stagnated to reform their economies from the centralization of political and economic decisions to the decentralization ones and to cease to govern people by the communist party and consequently to adapt the democratic decision rule by the people.
　　In the West countries, under the democratic institution, the socialist party leaded to adapt the socialistic policies and tended to increase the public sectors because the people hated the capitalism like USA’s. Both sides in Europa, we could observe the institutional differences to be coming near.

　In Japan, socialists and communists had leaded the people’s political opinion for a long time. In the field of Economics, there were a group of socialists and communists and a group of professors who had studied abroad in the USA and the former had always criticized the capitalistic policies proposed by the FDP and against. In the Japanese scientific situation, I take place of the new classical Economics and consider to separate between the private decision and the public with the democratic procedures.
　If the East-West Cold War in Europe ceased, a group of socialists and communists who depended on the USSR communist party and Marxism in Moskva would go out of the Japanese scientific situation. First, I bet on the mission of the East-West Cold War in Europe to promote the new classical Economics in Japan. 

 　The second mission was the South-North problem that there were the economic and political differences between the South and the North. In the East Asia, China changed the domestic power from Mao group to Deng Xiaoping and since 1978, China aimed to the socialistic market economy.

 　I had no idea about the method to let the Cold War in Europe cease. I was going to use Japanese High-speed economic progress as the method of decreasing the economic differences between the South and the North because I could visit factories in Japan with students.

 　I planned in 1982, I traveled the USSR from Yokohama to Moskva as the same way as in1971, then I visited to Baku in Azerbaijan by air and Tbilisi in Georgia by train and Kiev and Leningrad by air. I arrived at Köln station and met the German family who welcome me. Then, I arrived at Graz station and met the girlfriend and her mother and informed I had had job as lecturer of Otemon Gakuin University. She was 31 years old but yet didn’t get married. She had looked like more active in 1976, but not vivid then. Next day, I said goodbye to them, though I didn’t say that I was going to study how to let the Cold War in Europe cease. I started to go to Brindisi in Italy and pass through Napoli and arrive in Roma. Next day, I visited Vatican. And I went to Paris, Brussel and Amsterdam. I wanted to inform Vatican, EC and NATO to start the mission. Lastly, I arrived at Köln station and I said goodbye to the German family.

  I planned that in summer, 1983, I visited from Irkutsk to Almaty and Tashkent and then Odesa, Bucharest, Sofia, Beograd, Budapest, Praha and Wien. I was going to Madrid and learnt Spanish in the Euro-Center for 4 weeks because of the South-North problem in America in the future.


6. August, 2019 the Arctic Ocean melting
 The Arctic Ocean Conference which consists of the 10 countries concerned held at Ilulissat of Greenland in 2018 and sighed the agreement that the commercial fishing is prohibited for the 16 years in the Arctic Ocean. In Japan, at the 17th May in 2019, the National Diet recognized the agreement. The Arctic Ocean Conference has studied how the Arctic Ocean should utilize the Arctic Ocean. However, there is no Arctic Environment Conference that considers how the Arctic environment should be stabilized by getting rid of the artificial elements. This note is to consider the problem.
　Why has the sea ice been melting in the Arctic Ocean? How do we suppose the mechanism of the melting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean? Could we stop the phenomena of melting sea ice? 

The sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been observed that it is melting in the coast of Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland also in the summer. 　In the side of Eurasia, there are industrialized countries EU, Russia, India, ASEAN, China, Korea, Japan and so on. The accumulated aggregate volume of Greenhouse Gas is much larger than the side of North America，USA, Canada and Greenland. The average temperature has been rising in this century. The atmosphere brought by the low pressures from the south is getting warmer above the Arctic Ocean.
　From the point of view of the current, traditionally, the Mexican warm current flows from the Atlantic Ocean into the Arctic Ocean passing through the coast of Eurasia and again as the cold current flows out through the east coast of Greenland.
　The sea water flows less from the Arctic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait which has the width of only 85 km dividing both Russian coast and Alaska and the depth of 30~50 m. This route is weak to form the current.
　The three main rivers of Russia have flowed warm water into the Arctic Ocean. At result, the area of the ice in the side of Eurasia has been diminishing in summer. Even in winter, the thickness of the ice is thinner. It is considered that the height of iceberg on the side of Canada and Greenland is getting lower.
　In North America, there are covered with the permafrost faced on the Arctic aria. According to Global warming，the permafrost has been melting and this phenomena occurs Greenhouse Gas. Avian influenza influenced from 2003 birds have brought from the Arctic aria in Siberia where the permafrost would include ancient influenza viruses. Seal baby visited Tokyo from Bering see in 2002. This summer in 2019 is hotter than before and the forest fires have occurred in Alaska and Siberia.

 There are the several scenarios that would progress the phenomena.

1 Green Glass Gas effect on the atmosphere. The atmosphere varies in the Arctic. In the winter the Arctic Ocean will froze still, but in the summer will be getting the hottest. This variates the low pressure will make the snow storm heavier in the winter and the storm heavier in the summer. The high pressure in the summer season will shrink and grow the low pressures and come near the Arctic Ocean. In the middle latitude, according to the high latitude’s variation, the same happens.

2 The permafrost occurs Greenhouse Gas. Furthermore, the forest fires will also. At the result, CO2 in the Arctic will increase, the temperature in the Arctic will rise, and the sea ice and permafrost will melt speedier.

3 From the Arctic Ocean, the melted sea water will overflow into the Atlantic Ocean. On the other hand, from the Bering Strait the volume of the melted sea water that will flow into the Pacific Ocean will be much less than the former route. The Arctic melted sea water will be fulfilling in the coasts around the Arctic Ocean and next increasing in the Atlantic Ocean since the earth is rotating and the moon is also. The increment water gathers in the equator. Most of countries will suffer from the decrease of the shore line. If the rainwater will supply the water into the Arctic Ocean, the cycle of the water may balances. But in the high latitude the rainwater is less than in the middle.

At the first phenomena, the coasts of the Eurasia, North America and Greenland and North Europe face on the Arctic Ocean. The coasts would lose the soil and the permafrost would melt and continue to occur Greenhouse Gas. At the next step, the cold current flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The Jetstream on the Arctic air will change every year. The weather in the middle latitude would change according to the Jetstream. At last, the Atlantic Ocean will increase the sea water and it will invite the disease on the coasts faced on the Atlantic Ocean and then effect on the Pacific Ocean.

 According to these scenarios, could we stop the phenomena of melting sea ice?  We must observe the phenomena and investigate the mechanism and decrease the artificial elements.

23. April, 2018 Asian Companies
　At Dhaka March, 2018, I remembered the East Company. In a travel gude book, there existed the Golden Age in Bengal. In the morning, a young girl passed to say that Golden Age comes.
　I am interesting in the Golden Rule in Dynamic Economic Optimal Growth theory. After the Second World War II, Japan have closely cooperated with the Asian countries and provided capital and fund. Japanese companies have set up and employed people and exported products to Japan, USA and Europe. In Asian countries, national enterprises have been liberalized. In the future, the economic activites will be carried with private companies and monetary fund and direct capital investment will freely flow among Asian countries.
　The Golden Age in Bengal exported Jute, rice and tea. The Bengal people owed it to the world trade. Company system born in Bengal survive histrically and they trade in Asia and the world. The Golden Age in Asia would come.

21. June, 2014 My mission
J．F．Kenedy，13/11/1963.　I　heard in the morning J．F．Kenedy　was killed. I told my father he was killed. We lived in Ube city, Yamaguchi Pref. I had written letters with a pen girlfriend in Austrairia. I went to the Ube high school. After Tokyo Olympic, in Jan. 1965, my family moved to Nagato city to leave me in Ube.
 　Meanwhile, my father had known he would transport to the next branch and leave me. He drank and told me that you should be aim to contribute the world. I could not understand the reason．
　I take the entrance exam to the Mituibusan in 1971 and I failed it,　because I said my girlfriend in Austria, but my father had known the fact from his friend in the Mituibusan. Then, I worked to get money to go to Austria.  He gave me the money for the travel to Austria. After the travel, I went to the graduate school Kobe University. But I could not get the profession　in the long time but my father supported my intention. Finally,　I　had gotten my profession．After then, the cold war in Europe should be over. I visited before the Second World War, the countries. And then the South-North problem should be resolved. My father had understood my will, nothing said. Before he died, he said after the world it will be how, you need if I die. At that time, he told me that he told him you would have a child that would serve to the elsewhere of Japan.